Archives of Biological Sciences

CORRIGENDUM: Pešić M, Radović S, Rakić T, Dželetović Ž, Stanković S, Lozo J. Insights into the response of Miscanthus x giganteus to rhizobacteria: enhancement of metal tolerance and root development under heavy metal stress. Arch Biol Sci. 2024;76(2):205

Editorial team — Fri, 25 Oct 2024 00:00:00 +0200

The authors of the article: Pešić M, Radović S, Rakić T, Dželetović Ž, Stanković S, Lozo J. Insights into the response of Miscanthus x giganteus to rhizobacteria: enhancement of metal tolerance and root development under heavy metal stress. Arch Biol Sci. 2024;76(2):205-21 have informed the Editorial Office of the following error in the affiliation of the first author Pešić Mila. Next to the name “Institute of Soil Science” is “University of Belgrade”, which is incorrect because this Institute is not a member of the University of Belgrade. The authors have requested for this error to be corrected. Therefore, the journal is publishing this Corrigendum. Mila Pešić’s affiliation should be as follows: ¹University of Belgrade – Faculty of Biology, Belgrade, Serbia, and ²Institute of Soil Science, Belgrade, Serbia.

Link to the corrected article: https://doi.org/10.2298/ABS240301014P

Evaluation of Fomitopsis betulina strains for growth on different media and exopolysaccharide production

Tetiana Kizitska, Viсtor Barshteyn, Mustafa Sevindik, Tetiana Krupodorova — Fri, 25 Oct 2024 00:00:00 +0200

Paper description:

Fomitopsis betulina fungus has valuable medicinal potential. We screened 22 different betulina strains for mycelial growth on different media and exopolysaccharide production.
Growth in agar media was measured by radial growth rate, and growth in liquid media by biomass dry weight/L. The crude exopolysaccharide content was examined by the phenol-sulfuric acid method.
The importance of growth media and fungal strains in the production of biomass and exopolysaccharides is shown.
The study helps establish optimal protocols for cultivating betulina in laboratory and industrial settings.

Abstract: Fomitopsis betulina is a widespread macromycete with valuable medicinal potential. This study screened 22 different F. betulina strains for mycelial growth on various media and exopolysaccharide production. Strain-specific features of F. betulina growth and exopolysaccharide production on different media were observed. Variations in the growth rate of the studied strains ranged from 3.50±0.33 to 8.75±0.50 mm/day, biomass synthesis from 2.28±0.26 to 13.72±0.05 g/L, and exopolysaccharide production from 0.02±0.00 to 2.20±0.31 g/L. Maltose as a carbon source in malt extract agar (MEA) and malt extract broth (MEB) was the most suitable for the growth, while dextrose and starch as carbon sources in potato dextrose broth (PDB) were more suitable for exopolysaccharide production. The F. betulina 311 strain has significant biotechnological potential, demonstrated by its robust growth on different agar media, efficient biomass synthesis, and high production of extracellular biopolymers. Our results highlight the significance of different growth media and fungal strains in optimizing biomass and exopolysaccharide production.

Dietary exposure to essential oils of selected Pinus and Abies species leads to morphological changes in Drosophila melanogaster wings

Fri, 25 Oct 2024 00:00:00 +0200

Paper description:

Essential oils (EOs) are potential sources of biopesticides against pest insects. Since pest activity can rely on flying, the impact of EOs on wing morphology may be important.
Wings of Drosophila that were treated at larval stage with selected Pinus and Abies EOs at 3% concentration, were analyzed using geometric morphometrics.
Selected Abies and Pinus EOs induced pronounced changes in wing morphology that can be correlated with the toxicity and chemical compositions of the EOs.
The tested Abies and Pinus EOs exhibit the potential for use as biopesticides controlling pest activities that depend on insect wing morphology.

Abstract: Essential oils (EOs) from conifer species are a potential source of biopesticides due to their various bioactive effects against pest insects. Since the harmful activity of pest insects often relies on their ability to fly, the disruption of wing morphology due to the use of essential oils (EOs) could be significant. This study investigated changes in wing shape and size in the model insect Drosophila melanogaster after exposure to EOs derived from selected conifers species. Drosophila larvae were treated with a diet containing 3% EOs from 6 Pinus and 3 Abies species. After completing their life cycle, the wings of adults were dissected and analyzed using the geometric morphometrics method. Changes in Drosophila wing morphology were observed. The potential effect of the major compounds of the tested EOs on wing morphology is discussed. We believe that this study lays the foundation for further evaluation of Abies and Pinus EOs in targeted toxicological studies against pest insects by focusing on the potential of EOs to disrupt pest activities that depend on wing morphology.

Tritrophic associations and identification key for European species of the genus Binodoxys (Mackauer) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae)

Maja J. Lazarević, Vladimir A. Žikić, Darija N. Milenković, Željko M. Tomanović — Fri, 25 Oct 2024 00:00:00 +0200

Paper description:

The genus Binodoxys, though widely distributed globally, is represented by only nine species in Europe.
Through a comprehensive literature review, morphological examination, and molecular analysis, this study elucidates tri-trophic associations and genetic distances.
New hosts were identified. Binodoxys similis exhibited a broader geographical distribution.
This research provides insights into the biology, morphology, and genetic diversity of European Binodoxys species, and a key for identification.

Abstract: The genus Binodoxys includes only nine species found in Europe, yet despite its frequent occurrence, it remains insufficiently studied. This study addresses this knowledge gap through an exhaustive literature review and material collection, and a compilation of a comprehensive list detailing tritrophic associations. Based on the available molecular data, we constructed a maximum likelihood tree and a TSC (‘Statistical Parsimony’) haplotype network for six European species. Several new hosts were identified for the first time, and the geographical distribution of one species was broadened. An identification key for females of European Binodoxys species is provided. Future studies should prioritize gathering host data and investigate the existence of cryptic species among polyphagous species. Furthermore, the status of the three species not analyzed in this study due to the lack of material should be investigated by encompassing both morphological and molecular approaches.

Comparative analysis of galectin-1, galectin-3, and galectin-8 signatures in normal and choriocarcinoma trophoblast cell lines

Fri, 25 Oct 2024 00:00:00 +0200

Paper description:

Expression profiling studies revealed the presence of galectin family members during gestation in the placenta under physiological and pathological conditions.
By immunocytochemistry, PCR and Western blotting we investigated the expression and localization patterns of galectins -1, -3, -8 in the normal extravillous HTR-8/SVneo and choriocarcinoma cell lines JAR and JEG-3.
Lower expression of galectin-1, -3, and -8 mRNA and protein were observed in JAR and JEG-3 cells compared to HTR-8/SVneo cells.
Differences in expression and subcellular distribution suggest galectin involvement in the pathology of choriocarcinoma abundance of the ~40 kDa form in HTR-8/SVneo cells.

Abstract: Galectins are found in the placenta during both normal and pathological conditions. Specifically, galectins -1, -3, and -8 have been identified in extravillous trophoblast cells, with galectins -1, and -3 playing notable roles in trophoblast cell function. Altered expression profiles of galectins are linked to various cancers. This study explores the expression and localization of galectins -1, -3, and -8 in a normal extravillous HTR-8/SVneo cell line and two choriocarcinoma cell lines, JAR and JEG-3. Expression levels of these galectins at both mRNA and protein levels were evaluated using PCR, qPCR, and Western blotting, while their cellular localization and distribution were assessed through immunocytochemistry, subcellular fractionation, and Western blotting. Galectins -1, -3, and -8 were expressed at lower levels in JAR and JEG-3 cells compared to HTR-8/SVneo cells. Additionally, different splice variants of galectin-8 were detected across all cell lines. Galectin-1 was predominantly localized at the plasma membrane. Notable differences in galectin-3 localization and distribution were observed between HTR-8/SVneo cells and choriocarcinoma cells. These findings highlight variations in the expression, staining patterns, and subcellular distribution of galectins -1, -3, and -8, suggesting their potential involvement in the pathology of choriocarcinoma.

Association of dopamine receptor D2 -141C insertion/deletion and dopamine beta-hydroxylase 19 bp insertion/deletion polymorphisms with schizophrenia: A case-control study in the eastern Algerian population

Fri, 25 Oct 2024 00:00:00 +0200

Paper description:

The genes that encode for different proteins in the dopaminergic pathway have been implicated in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia.
Two functional genetic polymorphisms, rs1799732 of the dopamine D2 receptor gene and rs72393728 of the dopamine beta-hydroxylase gene have been investigated for their potential involvement in the susceptibility to schizophrenia in a case-control study.
The DRD2 rs1799732 polymorphism Del allele was associated with an increased risk for schizophrenia in an Algerian cohort.
This study provides an improved understanding of genotype and allele distributions of the DRD2 and DBH polymorphisms in the Eastern Algerian population.

Abstract: Numerous studies emphasize genetic contributions to schizophrenia, particularly focusing on genes coding for proteins in the dopaminergic pathway, which are extensively studied for their involvement in the disorder’s pathophysiology. This investigation aimed to examine the potential association between the dopamine receptor D2 (DRD2) -141C insertion/deletion (rs1799732) and the dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH) 19 bp insertion/deletion (rs72393728) polymorphisms with schizophrenia in an eastern Algerian population. A case-control study was conducted, involving 145 patients and 146 healthy controls. DNA samples were extracted from peripheral blood cells using the salting out technique. Genotyping for the DRD2 rs1799732 polymorphism was performed using the PCR-RFLP method, while the DBH rs72393728 polymorphism was analyzed using the PCR method. The results revealed a significant association between the DRD2 rs1799732 polymorphism and schizophrenia, evidenced by significant differences in genotypic and allelic distributions between patients and controls (P=0.001 and P=0.001, respectively). However, no statistical differences were found for the DBH rs72393728 polymorphism between patients and controls for genotype (P=0.46) or allele frequencies (P=0.73). This study supports an association between DRD2 rs1799732 polymorphism and schizophrenia in this population while finding no such association with DBH rs72393728 polymorphism. However, there may be a potential interaction between both polymorphisms.

A novel lidocaine-chitosan-barium titanate microemulsion gel for prolonged local anesthesia: An in vitro study

Xiaoru Qiao, Ling Li — Fri, 25 Oct 2024 00:00:00 +0200

Paper description:

A new formulation of lidocaine microemulsions containing chitosan and BaTiO₃ nanoparticles was developed for delivering lidocaine through the skin to achieve prolonged topical anesthesia.
The lidocaine/chitosan/BaTiO₃ microemulsion exhibited a nanometer size range of 7-30 nm with a narrow particle size distribution.
The inclusion of BaTiO₃ nanoparticles achieved over 84% drug release within 24 h, compared to 52% for the lidocaine/chitosan formulation without BaTiO₃.
At the concentrations tested, the lidocaine-loaded chitosan and lidocaine-loaded chitosan with BaTiO₃ microemulsion gel showed a moderate effect on cellular viability, providing a non-toxic environment

Abstract: This study investigated the efficacy of a novel lidocaine-chitosan-barium titanate microemulsion gel for prolonged local anesthesia. The lidocaine microemulsion comprised 5% (w/w) lidocaine, linoleic acid (LA), chitosan, barium titanate (BaTiO₃), Cremophor RH40, Tween 20, and water. Dynamic light scattering was utilized to analyze the particle size of the prepared microemulsions. The optimized microemulsion was transformed into a microemulsion gel to extend the duration of the microemulsion when administered to specific areas. Virgin oil was used as an auxiliary oil to increase the microemulsion area, allowing for a reduced amount of surfactant. In vitro analysis was conducted to evaluate the release of lidocaine from the microemulsion. The lidocaine/chitosan/BaTiO₃ ranged in size from 7-30 nm, displaying a narrow particle size distribution. The polydispersity index (PDI) value was 0.989. Lidocaine/chitosan with BaTiO₃ nanoparticles as a carrier achieved over 84% drug release, whereas the lidocaine/chitosan without the BaTiO₃ nanoparticles only reached 52% cumulative release. At the concentrations used, the lidocaine-loaded chitosan and lidocaine-loaded chitosan with BaTiO₃ showed a moderate effect on cellular viability. In conclusion, a new formulation of lidocaine microemulsions containing chitosan and BaTiO3 was developed and utilized to deliver lidocaine through the skin to achieve topical anesthesia.

Ultrasound-assisted extraction of peanut shell by-product: chemical properties, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects

Jung Wook Kang, In Chul Lee — Fri, 25 Oct 2024 00:00:00 +0200

Paper description:

Peanut shell extracts have been investigated for their potential bioactive compounds, focusing on antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.
This study utilized ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) to extract these compounds from peanut shells and to evaluate their effects on RAW 264.7 cells. Increased bioactivation and luteolin content via HPLC analysis was confirmed.
Ultrasound-assisted peanut shell extract demonstrated enhanced bioactivation, resulting in elevated luteolin levels. The extract exhibited antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, as evidenced by increased radical scavenging activities and suppression of NO, PGE2, IL-6, iNOS, and COX-2 expression.
Peanut shell extract, obtained through UAE, showed increased antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities.

Abstract: Peanut shell by-products have been explored for their pharmacological potential, particularly through applications developed from their utilization. This study aimed to investigate the effects of peanut shell extract (UPE) obtained via ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. High-performance liquid chromatography analysis revealed elevated levels of luteolin in the ultrasound-extracted peanut shell extract (UPE). UPE demonstrated significant in vitro antioxidant activity, as evidenced by its ability to scavenge 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radicals. The anti-inflammatory effects of UPE were assessed using the nitric oxide (NO) Griess assay, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Western blot analysis and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) were used to evaluate the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). UPE significantly reduced NO, PGE2, and IL-6 levels in LPS-treated RAW 264.7 cells, suggesting potent anti-inflammatory properties. Furthermore, UPE downregulated the expression of iNOS and COX-2, thereby suppressing NO and PGE2 production. These findings indicate that peanut shell extracts obtained through UAE have therapeutic potential due to their enhanced antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, likely attributed to increased levels of luteolin.

In vitro assessment of the nematicidal potential of Streptomyces violascens strain AS2 against root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne sp.)

Fri, 25 Oct 2024 00:00:00 +0200

Paper description:

Chemical nematicides are used in plant parasitic nematode management. Due to their harmful impact on the environment, sustainable solutions are needed.
Research focused on Actinobacteria which have diverse mechanisms of action. We studied the in vitro effects of Streptomyces violascens extracts on eggs and second-stage juveniles of Meloidogyne
Streptomyces violascens has a significant impact on nematode stages.
This work advocates the integration of Streptomyces violascens into sustainable agricultural practices, showing its effectiveness as a green solution on a large scale.

Abstract: Root-knot nematodes (RKNs, Meloidogyne spp.) present a major challenge to sustainable production. The detrimental environmental impacts and increasing resistance associated with synthetic nematicides have increased the need for biocontrol alternatives. Here, we report for the first time the nematicidal properties of Streptomyces violascens and its viability as a safe and effective solution against nematode infestation. In vitro assays showed that aqueous and ethyl acetate extracts of S. violascens significantly impeded Meloidogyne sp's reproductive and locomotive functions. The aqueous extract displayed remarkable efficacy, completely inhibiting egg hatching at a concentration of 600 µg/mL, with an LC50 of 168.38 µg/mL, and causing 99% immobility of second-stage juveniles (J2s) at 800 µg/mL within 72 h. Conversely, the organic extract exhibited a 29.3% hatching rate (LC50 of 849.26 µg/mL) and 79% immobility of J2s under comparable conditions. These findings point to the robust nematicidal potential of S. violascens extracts. Enzymatic profiles supported these results, with the selected isolate producing chitinase and protease enzymes capable of degrading nematode eggshells. Our results show that the S. violascens strain can be integrated into a sustainable nematode management practice as an important agent of RKN biocontrol.

Regulation of noradrenaline synthesis, uptake, and degradation in the left ventricle by fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibitor URB597 in the chronic unpredictable stress model of depression

Fri, 25 Oct 2024 00:00:00 +0200

Paper description:

Depressive patients are likely to experience cardiovascular disease. Pharmacological suppression of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) activity presents a promising approach for treating mood disorders.
An animal model of depression was used to assess the effects of FAAH inhibitor URB597 on noradrenaline levels and catecholamine turnover in the left ventricle in both sexes.
URB597 treatment led to increased expression of dopamine-β-hydroxylase (DBH) in stressed males, elevated noradrenaline transporter (NET), and decreased monoamine oxidase-A (MAO-A) levels in the left ventricle of stressed rats of both sexes.
Our results offer insight for developing new treatments for comorbidity of depression and heart disease.

Abstract: Depression has been linked to the dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system, which may cause dysregulation of the cardiovascular system. One promising therapeutic strategy for treating different diseases is inhibiting the enzyme fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), which increases the availability of endogenous cannabinoids. We examined the effect of chronic FAAH inhibition with URB597 treatment on the noradrenaline (NA) content, synthesis, transport, and degradation in the left ventricle of female and male rats exposed to chronic unpredictable stress (CUS). CUS decreased the levels of both NA and dopamine-β-hydroxylase (DBH) protein in male rats and decreased NA transporter (NET) protein levels in female rats while elevating monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) in both sexes. Intraperitoneal URB597 application led to increased expression of DBH in stressed males, as well as elevated NET protein levels and decreased MAO-A protein levels in the left ventricle of stressed rats of both sexes. URB597 treatment may have a beneficial effect on the cardiovascular system in an animal model of depression with heightened sympathoneural activity.